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[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] '''George Alexander Ballard''', C.B., Retired (7 March, 1862 – 15 September, 1948) was an officer of the [[Royal Navy]] during the [[First World War]] and a historian.  
[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] '''George Alexander Ballard''', C.B., Retired (7 March, 1862 – 15 September, 1948) was an officer of the [[Royal Navy]] during the [[First World War]] and a historian.  


==Life & Career==
==Early Life & Career==
George Alexander Ballard was born on 7 March, 1862, at Malabar Hill, Bombay, the eldest child of Captain (later Lieutenant-General) John Archibald Ballard, C.B., of the Royal (Bombay) Engineers.  Ballard was educated at Burney's Royal Academy, Gosport, and obtained a nomination for the [[Royal Navy]] from Captain (later Admiral Sir) Charles Fellowes.  He went up to London for the examination at the [[Royal Naval College, Greenwich]] with ten others from Burney's, six of whom passed, one of whom was [[Christopher George Francis Maurice Cradock|Christopher Cradock]].  He entered the training ship [[H.M.S. Britannia (Training Ship)|''Britannia'']] on 15 January, 1875, and left on 21 December, 1876.  He later recalled:
George Alexander Ballard was born on 7 March, 1862, at Malabar Hill, Bombay, the eldest child of Captain (later Lieutenant-General) John Archibald Ballard, C.B., of the Royal (Bombay) Engineers.  Ballard was educated at Burney's Royal Academy, Gosport, and obtained a nomination for the [[Royal Navy]] from Captain (later Admiral Sir) Charles Fellowes.  He went up to London for the examination at the [[Royal Naval College, Greenwich]] with ten others from Burney's, six of whom passed, one of whom was [[Christopher George Francis Maurice Cradock|Christopher Cradock]].  He entered the training ship [[H.M.S. Britannia (Training Ship)|''Britannia'']] on 15 January, 1875, and left on 21 December, 1876.  He later recalled:


<blockquote>Two years spent thus represented at that period the first stage of a naval officer's career.  Many months before it came to an end most of us were longing to finish it and get away to a seagoing life with all its anticipated excitements, although in point of fact very few had any but the vaguest idea of what sort of a life it would prove to be.  But I think nevertheless that to the majority in after years, the period spent at Dartmouth in the old ''Britannia'' remained on the whole a pleasant memory.  It certainly is to me.<ref>"Admiral Ballard's Memoirs: Part One."  p. 350.</ref></blockquote>  
<blockquote>Two years spent thus represented at that period the first stage of a naval officer's career.  Many months before it came to an end most of us were longing to finish it and get away to a seagoing life with all its anticipated excitements, although in point of fact very few had any but the vaguest idea of what sort of a life it would prove to be.  But I think nevertheless that to the majority in after years, the period spent at Dartmouth in the old ''Britannia'' remained on the whole a pleasant memory.  It certainly is to me.<ref>"Admiral Ballard's Memoirs: Part One."  p. 350.</ref></blockquote>


Ballard was promoted to the rank of {{LieutRN}} on 15 March, 1884.<ref>''The London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25329/pages/1304 no. 25329.  p. 1304.]  1 January, 1897.</ref>
Ballard spent half a year in the {{UK-Resistance|f=tp}} before being sent to join {{UK-2Achilles|f=p}} in the [[Channel Squadron]] in May of 1877. He remained in ''Achilles'' until being sent to {{UK-1Tourmaline}} for nearly two years.


On 31 December, 1897 he was promoted to the rank of {{CommRN}}.<ref>''The London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26924/pages/7854 no. 26924.  p. 7854.]  31 December, 1897.</ref>
He took a second class in seamanship on 22 June, 1881, and was promoted Acting {{SubRN}} from the same date. He had to wait over a year before he could begin his studies for the other examinations for the rank of {{LieutRN}}. He took a third class in the [[Royal Naval College, Greenwich|college]] examination in March, 1883, a first in torpedo in May and a first in gunnery in August. Ballard served in the {{UK-Espoir|f=t}} and in {{UK-Hecla}} before being promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 15 March, 1884, "for services in connection with operations in Soudan".{{Gaz|25329|1304|18 March, 1884}} He applied to specialise as a torpedo lieutenant, which request was noted, but he was never selected.


==Captain==
In August, 1891, he was appointed First Lieutenant of the ''Linnet'' on the China Station. He remained in her until paying off at the end of March, 1895. The Commander-in-Chief, Vice-Admiral [[Edmund Robert Fremantle|The Honourable Sir Edmund R. Fremantle]] reported in April, "A very deserving officer whom I should be glad to see promoted as soon as possible."
Ballard was promoted to the rank of {{CaptRN}} on 31 December, 1903.<ref>''The London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27632/pages/25 no. 27632.  p. 25.]  1 January, 1904.</ref>
 
He was appointed to the ''Colossus'' for command of the ''Renard'' on 27 May, 1896.


On 15 May, 1906, Ballard was appointed in command of the {{UK-RoyalArthur|f=t}} in reserve.  On 3 July he was appointed in command of the {{UK-Terrible|f=t}}.  On 22 July, the ''Terrible'' left Portsmouth for China<ref>"Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices).  ''The Times''.  Monday, 23 July, 1906. Issue '''38079''', col B, p. 6.</ref> with a relief crew for the {{UK-Astraea}}.<ref>"Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). ''The Times''.  Saturday, 7 July, 1906.  Issue '''38066''', col C, p. 8.</ref>
On 31 December, 1897 he was promoted to the rank of {{CommRN}}.{{Gaz|26924|7854|31 December, 1897}} After a few months on half pay he was appointed to the {{UK-Isis|f=t}} on 10 May, 1898, and remained in the ship until paid off on 18 January, 1902. On 17 February he was appointed to ''President'' for service in the [[Naval Intelligence Department (Royal Navy)|Naval Intelligence Department]].


He recorded that on 27 December that he had been appointed "to preside over a Secret Committee at Admiralty, but retaining command of Terrible."<ref>Entry for 14 December, 1906.  "G A Ballard.  Record of business letters &c."  Ballard Papers.  National Maritime Museum.  MSS/80/200.  Box 1.</ref> On 3 January, 1907, he met with the First Sea Lord, [[John Arbuthnot Fisher, First Baron Fisher|Sir John A. Fisher]], who made him an outstanding offer:
==Captain==
Ballard was promoted to the rank of {{CaptRN}} on 31 December, 1903.{{Gaz|27632|25|1 January, 1904}} From 1 January, 1904, he became an Assistant Director of Naval Intelligence and Head of the War Division.<ref>"Distribution of Work.&mdash;March 1905". p. 2. {{TNA|ADM 231/45.}}</ref> He left the department on 15 January, 1906, for command of the {{UK-Euryalus|f=t}}. In March he took the [[Royal Naval War College|war course]], and was placed in the first class. On 15 May he was appointed in command of the {{UK-RoyalArthur|f=t}} in reserve, and on 3 July he was appointed in command of the {{UK-Terrible|f=t}}. On 22 July, the ''Terrible'' left Portsmouth for China<ref>"Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices).  ''The Times''. Monday, 23 July, 1906.  Issue '''38079''', col B, p. 6.</ref> with a relief crew for the {{UK-Astraea}}.<ref>"Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). ''The Times''. Saturday, 7 July, 1906.  Issue '''38066''', col C, p. 8.</ref> He recorded that on 27 December that he had been appointed "to preside over a Secret Committee at Admiralty, but retaining command of Terrible."<ref>Entry for 14 December, 1906.  "G A Ballard.  Record of business letters &c."  Ballard Papers.  National Maritime Museum.  MSS/80/200.  Box 1.</ref> On 3 January, 1907, he met with the First Sea Lord, [[John Arbuthnot Fisher, First Baron Fisher|Sir John A. Fisher]]:


<blockquote>At an interview with Sir J. Fisher was informed my name had been sent in as an alternative to Capt [[Charles Langdale Ottley|Ottley's]] for the position of Secretary of the [[Committee of Imperial Defence]] in succession to Sir George Clarke in case Ottley was not approved. Also that if Ottley was appointed I might succeed him as Director of Naval Intelligence if I chose. Decided to accept the first if I got the chance, but refuse the second in order to get in my sea time.<ref>Entry for 3 January, 1907. "G A Ballard. Record of business letters &c." Ballard Papers.  National Maritime Museum. MSS/80/200. Box 1.</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>At an interview with Sir J. Fisher was informed my name had been sent in as an alternative to Capt [[Charles Langdale Ottley|Ottley's]] for the position of Secretary of the [[Committee of Imperial Defence]] in succession to Sir George Clarke in case Ottley was not approved. Also that if Ottley was appointed I might succeed him as Director of Naval Intelligence if I chose. Decided to accept the first if I got the chance, but refuse the second in order to get in my sea time.<ref>Entry for 3 January, 1907. "G A Ballard. Record of business letters &c." Ballard Papers.  National Maritime Museum. MSS/80/200. Box 1.</ref></blockquote>


He took command of the {{UK-Hampshire|f=t}} on 20 August, 1907. Upon giving up command of the Channel Fleet in March, 1909, the Commander-in-Chief, Lord Charles Beresford, wrote of Ballard, "No defect, very zealous, sound physically. Recommended for advancement.  A very clever officer, hard working, and knows the Service.  Will make a good Admiral." In November Rear-Admiral [[Paul Warner Bush|Paul W. Bush]] opined, with Vice-Admiral [[George Neville]]'s concurrence, that Ballard was "a very zealous Captain & handles his ship well."<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/88}}. f. 29.</ref>  On 31 December, 1909, he was appointed in command of the {{UK-Commonwealth|f=t}}.<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/42}}. f. 65.</ref>  In May, 1910, a Court of Enquiry was held following the abandonment of ''Commonwealth's'' steam trial.  Their Lordships expressed Their "severe displeasure on account of the want of knowledge shewn in the preparation of the ship for sea under the weather conditions which prevailed at the time."<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/88}}. f. 29.</ref>  On 9 December he was given command of ''Commonwealth's'' sister-ship, {{UK-Britannia}}.<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/42}}. f. 65.</ref>
He took command of the {{UK-Hampshire|f=t}} on 20 August, 1907. Upon giving up command of the Channel Fleet in March, 1909, the Commander-in-Chief, Lord Charles Beresford, wrote of Ballard, "No defect, very zealous, sound physically. Recommended for advancement.  A very clever officer, hard working, and knows the Service.  Will make a good Admiral." In November Rear-Admiral [[Paul Warner Bush|Paul W. Bush]] opined, with Vice-Admiral [[George Neville]]'s concurrence, that Ballard was "a very zealous Captain & handles his ship well."<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/88}}. f. 29.</ref>  On 31 December, 1909, he was appointed in command of the {{UK-Commonwealth|f=t}}.<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/42}}. f. 65.</ref>  In May, 1910, a Court of Enquiry was held following the abandonment of ''Commonwealth's'' steam trial.  Their Lordships expressed Their "severe displeasure on account of the want of knowledge shewn in the preparation of the ship for sea under the weather conditions which prevailed at the time."<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/88}}. f. 29.</ref>  On 9 December he was given command of ''Commonwealth's'' sister-ship, {{UK-Britannia}}.<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/42}}. f. 65.</ref>


Charles Ottley, now Secretary of the Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence, wrote to Winston Churchill of Ballard in October, 1911, "I am in great hopes he may e'er long return to an important post at the Admiralty,"<ref>Letter of 17 October, 1911. {{TNA|CAB 1/31.}} f. 28.</ref> and advocated he be associated with any committee on staff reform, writing, "He would approach the matter from the standpoint of one who knew the old system."<ref>Letter of 22 October, 1911. {{TNA|CAB 1/31.}}  f. 103.</ref>
Charles Ottley, now Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence, wrote to Winston Churchill of Ballard in October, 1911, "I am in great hopes he may e'er long return to an important post at the Admiralty,"<ref>Letter of 17 October, 1911. {{TNA|CAB 1/31.}} f. 28.</ref> and advocated he be associated with any committee on staff reform, writing, "He would approach the matter from the standpoint of one who knew the old system."<ref>Letter of 22 October, 1911. {{TNA|CAB 1/31.}}  f. 103.</ref>


Ottley also informed Churchill that Ballard wrote for ''The Contemporary Review'' magazine under the pseudonym "Master Mariner,"<ref>Letter of 17 October, 1911. {{TNA|CAB 1/31.}} f. 28.</ref> therefore contravening Article 12 of the ''King's Regulations and Admiralty Instructions'' on communicating with the press on Service matters.<ref>''The King's Regulations and Admiralty Instructions for the Government of His Majesty's Naval Service'' (1906).  p. 3.</ref> Ottley also forwarded a number of Ballard's somewhat subversive memoranda to Churchill, in the knowledge that, "You will I know safeguard his anonymity."<ref>Letter of 3 November, 1911. {{TNA|CAB 1/31.}} f. 183.</ref>
Ottley also informed Churchill that Ballard wrote for ''The Contemporary Review'' magazine under the pseudonym "Master Mariner,"<ref>Letter of 17 October, 1911. {{TNA|CAB 1/31.}} f. 28.</ref> therefore contravening Article 12 of the ''King's Regulations and Admiralty Instructions'' on communicating with the press on Service matters.<ref>''The King's Regulations and Admiralty Instructions for the Government of His Majesty's Naval Service'' (1906).  p. 3.</ref> Ottley also forwarded a number of Ballard's somewhat subversive memoranda to Churchill, in the knowledge that, "You will I know safeguard his anonymity."<ref>Letter of 3 November, 1911. {{TNA|CAB 1/31.}} f. 183.</ref>


Churchill offered Ballard the post of Director of Naval Intelligence and on 22 November he accepted.<ref>Ballard to Churchill. Letter of 22 November, 1911. Churchill Papers. Churchill Archives Centre.  CHAR 13/1/30.</ref>  He was appointed to ''President'', additional, for special service at the Admiralty on 1 December.  On leaving ''Britannia'' Vice-Admiral Callaghan described him as "A V.G. Captain of a ship. Has intellectual qualities above the average & v.g. judgement."<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/88}}. f. 29.</ref>  On 8 January, 1912, he was appointed [[Operations Division (Royal Navy)|Director of the Operations Division]] on the newly-formed [[Admiralty War Staff]].<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/42}}. f. 65.</ref>
Churchill offered Ballard the post of Director of Naval Intelligence and on 22 November he accepted.<ref>Ballard to Churchill. Letter of 22 November, 1911. Churchill Papers. Churchill Archives Centre.  CHAR 13/1/30.</ref>  He was appointed to ''President'', additional, for special service at the Admiralty on 1 December.  On leaving ''Britannia'' Vice-Admiral Callaghan described him as "A V.G. Captain of a ship. Has intellectual qualities above the average & v.g. judgement."<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/88}}. f. 29.</ref>  On 8 January, 1912, he was appointed [[Operations Division (Royal Navy)|Director of the Operations Division]] on the newly-formed [[Admiralty War Staff]].<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/42}}. f. 65.</ref>


On 10 May, 1913, he was appointed a [[Naval Aide-de-Camp]] to King George V, vice [[John de Mestre Hutchison|Hutchison]].<ref>''The London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28718/pages/3438 no. 28718.  p. 3438.]  13 May, 1913.</ref>  On the occasion of the King's birthday he was appointed an Ordinary Member of the Third Class, or Companion, in the Civil Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (C.B.) on 3 June.<ref>''The London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28724/supplements/3903 (Supplement) no. 28724.  p. 3903.]  3 June, 1913.</ref>
On 10 May, 1913, he was appointed a [[Naval Aide-de-Camp]] to King George V, vice [[John de Mestre Hutchison|Hutchison]].{{Gaz|28718|3438|13 May, 1913}}  On the occasion of the King's birthday he was appointed an Ordinary Member of the Third Class, or Companion, in the Civil Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (C.B.) on 3 June.{{GazSup|28724|3903|3 June, 1913}}


Ballard assumed the duties of [[Admiral of Patrols]] on 1 May, 1914, with the rank of {{Com1RN}}.<ref>"Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). ''The Times''. Friday, 1 May, 1914. Issue '''40512''', col B, p. 6.</ref>
Ballard assumed the duties of [[Admiral of Patrols]] on 1 May, 1914, with the rank of {{Com1RN}}.<ref>"Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). ''The Times''. Friday, 1 May, 1914. Issue '''40512''', col B, p. 6.</ref>


==Great War==
==Great War==
On 27 August, 1914, Ballard was promoted to the rank of {{RearRN}}, vice [[Sackville Hamilton Carden|Carden]].<ref>''The London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28881/pages/6794 no. 28881.  p. 6794.]  28 August, 1914.</ref>
On 27 August, 1914, Ballard was promoted to the rank of {{RearRN}}, vice [[Sackville Hamilton Carden|Carden]].{{Gaz|28881|6794|28 August, 1914}} A perspective on Ballard as Admiral of Patrols is offered by Admiral of the Fleet [[Henry Francis Oliver|Sir Henry F. Oliver]], who became [[Admiralty War Staff|Chief of the Admiralty War Staff]] at the end of 1914:
 
An interesting perspective on Ballard is offered by Admiral of the Fleet [[Henry Francis Oliver|Sir Henry F. Oliver]], who became [[Admiralty War Staff|Chief of the Admiralty War Staff]] at the end of 1914:


<blockquote>We had a useless R.A. on the East Coast of England and I could not get him shifted.  When the Germans bombarded Scarborough and Hartlepool we knew from Room 40 the afternoon before that something was intended but not enough to know what.  He had definite orders to send out 2 submarines from Hartlepool to be at gun range, according to visibility, off the harbour at dawn.  He failed to send them out the night before and they did not start out till after the bombardment began[,] one was crossing the bar while the shells were falling.  We lost a fine chance of laming a battle cruiser and perhaps bringing on an engagement if her consorts delayed retiring to help her.  I could not get him shifted for that so I took bits of his command away at the north and south ends till there was none left.<ref>Oliver.  '''II'''.  ff. 117-118.</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>We had a useless R.A. on the East Coast of England and I could not get him shifted.  When the Germans bombarded Scarborough and Hartlepool [on 15-16 December, 1914] we knew from Room 40 the afternoon before that something was intended but not enough to know what.  He had definite orders to send out 2 submarines from Hartlepool to be at gun range, according to visibility, off the harbour at dawn.  He failed to send them out the night before and they did not start out till after the bombardment began[,] one was crossing the bar while the shells were falling.  We lost a fine chance of laming a battle cruiser and perhaps bringing on an engagement if her consorts delayed retiring to help her.  I could not get him shifted for that so I took bits of his command away at the north and south ends till there was none left.<ref>Oliver.  '''II'''.  ff. 117-118.</ref></blockquote>


On 6 November, 1915, Ballard became Rear-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England.{{UKCeased|f. 29a}}
On 6 November, 1915, Ballard became [[East Coast of England Station|Rear-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England]].{{UKCeased|f. 29a}} N. A. M. Rodger has opined that, "His reputation may have suffered from the German raids of 1914 and 1916; certainly there was no vacancy in the naval war staff under Sir Henry Jackson for so clever and independent an officer."<ref>Rodger.  "Ballard, George Alexander (1862–1948)."</ref>  Quite apart from the slur that this completely unsourced statement casts on Sir Henry Jackson (a pioneer of radio and former head of the Royal Naval War College), it also denigrates the men already on the Admiralty War Staff.


N. A. M. Rodger has opined that, "His reputation may have suffered from the German raids of 1914 and 1916; certainly there was no vacancy in the naval war staff under Sir Henry Jackson for so clever and independent an officer."<ref>Rodger.  "Ballard, George Alexander (1862–1948)."</ref> Quite apart from the slur this completely unsourced statement casts on Sir Henry Jackson, it also denigrates the men already on the War Staff.
On 1 May, 1916, Ballard was succeeded as Rear-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England.  He then went on half pay until he was appointed Senior Officer in Charge at Malta and Admiral Superintendent of [[Malta Dockyard]] on 24 September,<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  Volume 4.  f. 65.</ref> and assumed command on 28 September.{{SMNLJun18|p. 8}}


On 1 May, 1916, Ballard was succeeded as Rear-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England.  He then went on Half Pay until he was appointed Senior Officer in Charge at Malta and Admiral Superintendent of Malta Dockyard on 24 September,<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  Volume 4.  f. 65.</ref> and assumed command on 28 September.{{SMNLJun18|p. 8}}
In May, 1917, he was criticised by the Board of Admiralty following the torpedoing of S.S. ''Ivernia'' on 1 January, for allowing it to proceed through the Cerigotto Channel by day contrary to instructions.  On 17 September he was informed that orders appeared to have been given in a "haphazard" manner in regards to an operation where special service vessel ''Zeus'' was lost.<ref>ADM 196/88.  f. 29.</ref>  He relinquished duty as Admiral Superintendent at Malta on 16 November, 1918.<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  Volume 4.  f. 65.</ref>
 
In May, 1917, he was criticised by the Board of Admiralty for the torpedoing of S.S. ''Ivernia'' on 1 January, for allowing it to proceed through the Cerigotto Channel by day contrary to instructions.  On 17 September he was informed that orders appeared to have been given in a "haphazard" manner in regards to an operation where special service vessel ''Zeus'' was lost.<ref>ADM 196/88.  f. 29.</ref>  He relinquished duty as Admiral Superintendent at Malta on 16 November, 1918.<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  Volume 4.  f. 65.</ref>


==Post-War==
==Post-War==
He was promoted to the rank of {{ViceRN}} on 11 February, 1919, vice [[Robert Francis Boyle|Boyle]].<ref>''The London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/31201/pages/2738 no. 31201.  p. 2738.]  25 February, 1919.</ref>  He was placed on the Retired List on 15 June, 1921 at his own request "in order to facilitate the promotion of younger officers."<ref>''The London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32384/pages/5486 no. 32384.  p. 5486.]  8 July, 1921.</ref> On 3 March, 1924 he was advanced to the rank of {{AdmRN}} on the Retired List.<ref>''The London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32919/pages/2323 no. 32919.  p. 2323.]  18 March, 1924.</ref>
He was promoted to the rank of {{ViceRN}} on 11 February, 1919, vice [[Robert Francis Boyle|Boyle]].{{Gaz|31201|2738|25 February, 1919}} He was placed on the Retired List on 15 June, 1921 at his own request "in order to facilitate the promotion of younger officers."{{Gaz|32384|5486|8 July, 1921}} On 3 March, 1924 he was advanced to the rank of {{AdmRN}} on the Retired List.{{Gaz|32919|2323|18 March, 1924}} From 1920 onwards he became a prolific contributor of articles to ''The Mariner's Mirror'' journal.


He died suddenly on 15 September, 1948, aged eighty-six, at his home, Hill House, Downton, near Salisbury, Wiltshire, from myocardial degeneration, arterio sclerosis and carcinoma of the prostate.<ref>"Deaths" (Deaths).  ''The Times''.  Saturday, 18 September, 1948.  Issue '''51180''', col A, p. 1.</ref><ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/42}}.  f. 65.</ref>
He died suddenly on 15 September, 1948, aged eighty-six, at his home, Hill House, Downton, near Salisbury, Wiltshire, from myocardial degeneration, arterio sclerosis and carcinoma of the prostate.<ref>"Deaths" (Deaths).  ''The Times''.  Saturday, 18 September, 1948.  Issue '''51180''', col A, p. 1.</ref><ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/42}}.  f. 65.</ref>


==See Also==
==See Also==
{{WP|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Ballard}}
{{WP|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Ballard}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*Ballard, Vice-Admiral G. A., C.B. (1921).  ''The Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan''. London: John Murray.
*[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1975.10658044 "Admiral Ballard's Memoirs: Part One: Burney's and H.M.S. ''Britannia''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''61:4'''. 345-350. 1975.
*Ballard, Vice-Admiral G. A., C.B. (1923). ''America and the Atlantic''. London: Duckworth & Co..
*[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1976.10658937 "Admiral Ballard's Memoirs: Part Two: Midshipman".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''62:1'''. 23-32. 1976.
*Ballard, Admiral G. A., C.B. (1927). ''Rulers of the Indian Ocean''. London: Duckworth & Co..
*[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1976.10658954 "Admiral Ballard's Memoirs: Part Three: Around the World 1880&ndash;82".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''62:2'''. 129-133. 1976.
*Ballard, Admiral G. A. (1980). ''The Black Battlefleet''. Lymington; Greenwich: Nautical Publishing Company Limited and The Society for Nautical Research. ISBN 0245530304.
*[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1976.10658969 "Admiral Ballard's Memoirs: Part Four: Greenwich, ''Excellent'', ''Vernon'' and ''Hecla'' 1882&ndash;84".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''62:3'''. 249-252. 1976.
*[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1976.10658984 "Admiral Ballard's Memoirs: Part Five: ''Temeraire'', ''Cruiser'' and ''Woodlark'' 1884&ndash;5".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''62:4'''. 347-352. 1976.
*[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1977.10658998 "Admiral Ballard's Memoirs: Part Six: Up the Irrawaddy to Mandalay".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''63:1'''. 25-31. 1977.
*Ballard, Admiral G. A. (1980). Rodger, N. A. M.; Osbon, G. A. (eds.). ''The Black Battlefleet''. Lymington; Greenwich: Nautical Publishing Company Limited and The Society for Nautical Research.  ISBN 0245530304.
*Rodger, N. A. M. (2004). [https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/50221 "Ballard, George Alexander".] ''The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''.
{{refend}}
 
==Published Works==
===Books===
{{refbegin}}
#''The Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan''. London: John Murray. 1921.
#''America and the Atlantic''. London: Duckworth & Co. 1923.
#''Rulers of the Indian Ocean''. London: Duckworth & Co. 1927.
{{refend}}
 
===Articles===
{{refbegin}}
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/03071849809417360 "Gold Medal Prize Essay".] ''The Journal of the Royal United Service Institution''. '''XLII:242'''. 365-405. 1898.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/03071840009434546 "Gold Medal Prize Essay".] ''The Journal of the Royal United Service Institution''. '''XLIV:266'''. 360-394. 1900.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/03071840209416115 "A Study of the Late M. Jean de Bloch's Theories as Applied to the Question of Sea Power".] ''The Journal of the Royal United Service Institution''. '''XLIV:294'''. 1047-1053. 1902.
#"Invasion Considered from the Nautical Standpoint". ''The Contemporary Review''. '''XCV'''. 136-144. 1909. (As "Master Mariner").
#"Fallacies of the Doctrine of Compulsory Service". ''The Contemporary Review''. '''XCVI'''. 295-303. 1909. (As "Master Mariner").
#"Invasion Considered from the Nautical Standpoint: (A Reply to Military Criticism in the 'Times'". ''The Contemporary Review''. '''XCIX'''. 274-285. 1911. (As "Master Mariner").
#"The Invasion of Tripoli: A Re-assuring Lesson for Great Britain". ''The Contemporary Review''. '''CI'''. 49-55. 1912. (As "Master Mariner").
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1911.10654523 "The Men of War of 1725 A.D. I.&mdash;Their Sails and Spars".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''1:8'''. 205-211. 1911.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1911.10654529 "The Men of War of 1725 A.D. II.&mdash;Their Rigging".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''1:9'''. 229-235. 1911.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/03071842009419364 "The Development of Malta as a First-Class Naval Base Since its Inclusion in the British Empire".] ''The Journal of the Royal United Service Institution''. '''LXV:457'''. 127-140. 1920.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1920.10654918 "The Sculptures of Deir-El-Bahari".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''6:5'''. 149-155. 1920.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1920.10654923 "The Sculptures of Deir-El-Bahari".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''6:6'''. 162-174. 1920.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1920.10654933 "The Sculptures of Deir-El-Bahari".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''6:7'''. 212-217. 1920.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1920.10654947 "The Transporting of the Obelisks at Karnak".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''6:9'''. 264-273. 1920.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1920.10654956 "The Transporting of the Obelisks at Karnak".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''6:10'''. 307-314. 1920.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1923.10655182 "Notes: Early Navigation".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''9:2'''. 59. 1923.
#"Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson, Bart., V.C., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., D.C.L." ''The Naval Review''. '''XII:1'''. 40-46. 1924.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1924.10655266 "The Navigators of the Indian Ocean Prior to the Era of European Domination".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''10:2'''. 108-123. 1924.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1924.10655281 "The Arrival of the White Man in the Eastern Seas".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''10:3'''. 267-288. 1924.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1924.10655290 "The First Plan of European Dominion in the Indian Ocean".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''10:4'''. 335-354. 1924.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1925.10655301 "The War of the Arabian Sea".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''11:1'''. 29-49. 1925.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1925.10655309 "Albuquerque's Operations on the Western Seaboard of India".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''11:2'''. 116-134. 1925.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1925.10655322 "The Maritime Expeditions of Albuquerque after the Capture of Goa".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''11:3'''. 251-275. 1925.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1925.10655337 "The Century of Portuguese Supremacy in the Indian Ocean".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''11:4'''. 370-391. 1925.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1926.10655353 "The Arrival of the Dutch and British in the Indian Ocean".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''12:1'''. 69-94. 1926.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1926.10655363 "The Downfall of Portugal in the East".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''12:2'''. 169-195. 1926.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1926.10655368 "Notes: Queen Hatshepsut's Great Lighter".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''12:2'''. 221-222. 1926.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1926.10655375 "The Effect of the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century on Indian Ocean Developments".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''12:3'''. 264-288. 1926.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1926.10655388 "The General Situation in the Indian Ocean During the Early Georgian Period".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''12:4'''. 375-395. 1926.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1927.10655400 "The First and Second Anglo-French Conflicts in the Indian Ocean".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''13:1'''. 14-37. 1927.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1927.10655412 "The Last Battlefleet Struggle in the Bay of Bengal".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''13:2'''. 125-144. 1927.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1927.10655438 "Hughes and Suffren".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''13:4'''. 348-356. 1927.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1928.10655460 "Early European Rivalry in the Indian Ocean".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''14:2'''. 113-114. 1928.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1929.10655502 "The Black Battlefleet: Some Notes on the Mid-Victorian Transformation in Battleship Design".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''15:2'''. 101-124. 1929.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1929.10655521 "Notes: Steering Wheels".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''15:3'''. 314. 1929.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1929.10655530 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Minotaur'' and ''Agincourt''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''15:4'''. 391-407. 1929.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1930.10655540 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Northumberland'' and ''Achilles''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''16:1'''. 48-67. 1930.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1930.10655553 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Warrior'' and ''Black Prince''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''16:2'''. 168-186. 1930.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1949.10657534 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Bellerophon'' and ''Hercules''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''16:3'''. 212-238. 1930.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1931.10655587 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Lord Clyde'' and ''Lord Warden''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''17:1'''. 53-74. 1931.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1931.10655589 "Notes: The Third Dutch War in the East".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''17:1'''. 81-82. 1931.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1931.10655589 "Notes: British Battleships of 1870".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''17:1'''. 82-83. 1931.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1931.10655596 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Monarch''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''17:2'''. 113-134. 1931.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1931.10655610 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Captain''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''17:3'''. 244-269. 1931.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1931.10655625 "Notes: The Mainmast of the ''Henry Grace à Dieu"''.] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''17:4'''. 397. 1931.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1932.10655631 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Prince Consort'', ''Caledonia'' and ''Ocean''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''18:1'''. 5-31. 1932.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1932.10655658 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Royal Oak'' and ''Royal Alfred''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''18:3'''. 267-286. 1932.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1933.10655681 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Zealous'' and ''Repulse''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''19:1'''. 5-21. 1933.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1933.10655696 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Hector'' and ''Valiant''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''19:2'''. 172-181. 1933.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1933.10655706 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Resistance'' and ''Defence''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''19:3'''. 259-272. 1933.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1933.10655722 "Some Observations on Professor Baxter's book on the Introduction of the Ironclad Warship".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''19:4'''. 404-416. 1933.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1934.10655732 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Audacious''". ''The Mariner's Mirror''.] '''20:1'''. 5-23. 1934.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1934.10655757 "British Battleships of 1870: The ''Invincible'', ''Vanguard'' and ''Iron Duke''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''20:3'''. 261-279. 1934.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1935.10658697 "The Three British Armoured Corvettes". ''The Mariner's Mirror''.] '''21:1'''. 12-30. 1935.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1935.10658723 "The Unarmoured Branches of the British Navy of 1875".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''21:3'''. 245-274. 1935.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1935.10658727 "Notes: Commodore Dance's Action off Pulo Auro".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''21:3'''. 323-324. 1935.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1936.10657171 "British Frigates of 1875: The ''Inconstant'' and ''Raleigh''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''22:1'''. 42-53. 1936.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1936.10657175 "Notes: Commodore Dance's Action with Linois".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''22:1'''. 108. 1936.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1936.10657193 "British Frigates of 1875: The ''Shah''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''22:3'''. 305-315. 1936.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1936.10657204 "British Corvettes of 1875: The ''Bacchante'' Class".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''22:4'''. 398-409. 1936.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1937.10657219 "British Corvettes of 1875: The ''Volage'', ''Active'' and ''Rover''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''23:1'''. 53-67. 1937.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1937.10657224 "Notes: Egyptian Shipping of about 1500 B.C."] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''23:1'''. 103-105. 1937.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1937.10657233 "British Corvettes of 1875: The Six Composite Sisters".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''23:2'''. 176-189. 1937.
#"Cavalry at Sea". ''The Naval Review''. '''XXV:3'''. 516-521. 1937.
#"Round Shot". ''The Naval Review''. '''XXV:4'''. 703-716. 1937.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1937.10657256 "British Corvettes of 1875: The Last Wooden Class".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''23:4'''. 435-445. 1937.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1938.10657269 "British Corvettes of 1875: The Larger Wooden Ram-Bowed Type".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''24:1'''. 81-94. 1938.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1938.10657281 "British Corvettes of 1875: The Smaller Wooden-Bowed Type".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''24:2'''. 160-175. 1938.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1938.10657295 "British Sloops of 1875: The Wooden Ram-Bowed Type".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''24:3'''. 302-317. 1938.
#"H.M.S. Alexandra". ''The Naval Review''. '''XXVI:3'''. 385-416. 1938.
#"Naval Machine Guns and Sudanese Spearmen in 1884". ''The Naval Review''. '''XXVI:4'''. 617-630. 1938.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1939.10657318 "British Sloops of 1875: The Larger Composite Type".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''25:1'''. 35-49. 1939.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1939.10657329 "British Sloops of 1875: The Smaller Composite Type".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''25:2'''. 151-161. 1939.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1940.10657367 "British Gunvessels of 1875: The Larger Twin-Screw Type".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''26:1'''. 15-32. 1940.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1940.10657397 "Notes: Dhows".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''26:3'''. 303-304. 1940.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1940.10657407 "British Gunvessels of 1875: The Larger Single-Screw Type".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''26:4'''. 375-387. 1940.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1941.10658756 "British Gunvessels of 1875: The Smaller Twin-Screw Type".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''27:2'''. 132-146. 1941.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1941.10658775 "The Great Obelisk Lighter of 1550 B.C." ''The Mariner's Mirror''.] '''27:4'''. 290-306. 1941.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1942.10658797 "Notes: Victorian Corvettes".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''28:2'''. 162-163. 1942.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1942.10658817 "British Gunvessels of 1875: The Smaller Single-Screw Type".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''28:4'''. 308-313. 1942.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1943.10658843 "The Great Brig: H.M.S. ''Temeraire'', 1875".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''29:3'''. 149-162. 1943.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1944.10658865 "Notes: The Composition of a Ship's Company in 1811".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''30:1'''. 53-54. 1944.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1944.10658872 "British Gunboats of 1875".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''30:2'''. 65-73. 1944.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1944.10658893 "Notes: A Notable Exhibition of Seamanship".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''30:4'''. 220. 1944.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1945.10658900 "Victorian Hulks under the White Ensign".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''31:1'''. 23-32. 1945.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1945.10658917 "Cape Horn".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''31:3'''. 144-147. 1945.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1945.10658921 "Notes: Tacking a Square-Rigged Vessel".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''31:3'''. 171-172. 1945.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1945.10658921 "Notes: War Rockets in the British Mid-Victorian Fleet".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''31:3'''. 173-174. 1945.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1945.10658930 "Notes: Cunningham's Topsails".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''31:4'''. 236. 1945.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1946.10657414 "The First Mastless Capital Ship: H.M.S. ''Devastation''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''32:1'''. 2-20. 1946.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1946.10657433 "The Last British Central Battery Ship: H.M.S. ''Alexandra''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''32:3'''. 130-147. 1946.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1947.10657463 "British Central-Battery Ships: H.M. Ships ''Sultan'' and ''Superb''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''33:2'''. 66-93. 1947.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1947.10657473 "The Egyptian Obelisk Lighter".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''33:3'''. 158-164. 1947.
#"Ship Handling Under Sail: Notes on the general principles for handling a square ship rig as practised in the British Fleet during the last stages of its use". ''The Naval Review''. '''XXXVI:4'''. 378-385. 1948.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1948.10657514 "British Central-Battery Ships: ''Swiftsure'' and ''Triumph''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''34:2'''. 98-111. 1948.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1948.10655788 "Notes: Spanish Windlass ''Versus'' Tourniquet".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''34:4'''. 304. 1948.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1949.10657534 "British Central-Battery Ships: ''Belleisle'' and ''Orion''".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''35:1'''. 3-17. 1949.
#[https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1952.10658103 "The Fighting Ship from 1860 to 1890".] ''The Mariner's Mirror''. '''38:1'''. 23-33. 1952.
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Line 80: Line 192:
<div name=fredbot:appts>{{TabApptsBegin}}
<div name=fredbot:appts>{{TabApptsBegin}}
{{TabNaval}}
{{TabNaval}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Charles Frederick Corbett|Charles F. Corbett]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Janus (1895)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Janus'']]'''<br>12 Dec, 1895{{NLMar96|p. 235}}|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Guy de Lancy Ormsby Johnson|Guy de L. O. Johnson]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''?'''|'''[[H.M.S. Janus (1895)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Janus'']]'''<br>12 Dec, 1895{{NLMar96|p. 235}} &ndash; 27 May, 1896|Succeeded by<br>'''[[John Clark Soady (b)|John C. Soady]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Henry Edward Kellett|Henry E. Kellett]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Renard (1892)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Renard'']]'''<br>27 May, 1896{{NMI|Wednesday, May 20, 1896; pg. 10; Issue 34895}}|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Frank Henry Peyton|Frank H. Peyton]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Herbert Leopold Heath|Herbert L. Heath]]'''|'''[[Naval Intelligence Department (Royal Navy)|Head of War Division]]'''<br>1 Jan, 1904<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref><ref>''Naval Intelligence Department.  Distribution of Work.&mdash;March 1905''.  {{TNA|ADM 231/45.}}  p. 2.</ref> &ndash; 15 Jan, 1906<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref><ref>''Naval Intelligence Department.  Distribution of Work.&mdash;March 1905''.  {{TNA|ADM 231/45.}}  p. 2.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Harry Jones|Harry Jones]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Herbert Leopold Heath|Herbert L. Heath]]'''|'''[[Naval Intelligence Department (Royal Navy)|Head of War Division]]'''<br>1 Jan, 1904<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref><ref>''Naval Intelligence Department.  Distribution of Work.&mdash;March 1905''.  {{TNA|ADM 231/45.}}  p. 2.</ref> &ndash; 15 Jan, 1906<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref><ref>''Naval Intelligence Department.  Distribution of Work.&mdash;March 1905''.  {{TNA|ADM 231/45.}}  p. 2.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Harry Jones|Harry Jones]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Charles Lionel Napier|Charles L. Napier]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Euryalus (1901)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Euryalus'']]'''<br>15 Jan, 1906<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Archibald Gordon Henry Wilson Moore|A. Gordon H. W. Moore]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Charles Lionel Napier|Charles L. Napier]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Euryalus (1901)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Euryalus'']]'''<br>15 Jan, 1906<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Archibald Gordon Henry Wilson Moore|A. Gordon H. W. Moore]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Archibald Gordon Henry Wilson Moore|A. Gordon H. W. Moore]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Royal Arthur (1891)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Royal Arthur'']]'''<br>15 May, 1906<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref> &ndash; 3 Jul, 1906<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Norman Craig Palmer|Norman C. Palmer]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Archibald Gordon Henry Wilson Moore|A. Gordon H. W. Moore]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Royal Arthur (1891)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Royal Arthur'']]'''<br>15 May, 1906<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref> &ndash; 3 Jul, 1906<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Norman Craig Palmer|Norman C. Palmer]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Henry Hervey Campbell|Henry H. Campbell]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Terrible (1895)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Terrible'']]'''<br>3 Jul, 1906<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref> &ndash; 20 Aug, 1907<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Richard Morden Harbord-Hamond, Tenth Baron Suffield|Richard M. Harbord]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Henry Hervey Campbell|Henry H. Campbell]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Terrible (1895)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Terrible'']]'''<br>3 Jul, 1906<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref> &ndash; 20 Aug, 1907<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Richard Morden Harbord-Hamond, Tenth Baron Suffield|Richard M. Harbord]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Robert Keith Arbuthnot, Fourth Baronet|Sir Robert K. Arbuthnot, Bart.]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Hampshire (1903)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Hampshire'']]'''<br>20 Aug, 1907<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref> &ndash; 31 Dec, 1909<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Stanhope Hawke|The Hon. Stanhope Hawke]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Robert Keith Arbuthnot, Fourth Baronet|Sir Robert K. Arbuthnot, Bart.]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Hampshire (1903)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Hampshire'']]'''<br>20 Aug, 1907{{NLJan10|p. 323}}<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref> &ndash; 31 Dec, 1909<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Stanhope Hawke|The Hon. Stanhope Hawke]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Horace Lambert Alexander Hood|The Hon. Horace L. A. Hood]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Commonwealth (1903)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Commonwealth'']]'''<br>31 Dec, 1909<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref> &ndash; Dec, 1910<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Price Vaughan Lewes|Price V. Lewes]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Horace Lambert Alexander Hood|The Hon. Horace L. A. Hood]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Commonwealth (1903)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Commonwealth'']]'''<br>31 Dec, 1909<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref> &ndash; Dec, 1910<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Oswald William Ormsby|Oswald W. Ormsby]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Montague Edward Browning|Montague E. Browning]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Britannia (1904)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Britannia'']]'''<br>9 Dec, 1910<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref> &ndash; 1 Dec, 1911<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Charles Frederick Thorp|Charles F. Thorp]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Montague Edward Browning|Montague E. Browning]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Britannia (1904)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Britannia'']]'''<br>9 Dec, 1910<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>{{NLApr11|p. 287}} &ndash; 1 Dec, 1911<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Charles Frederick Thorp|Charles F. Thorp]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''New Appointment'''|'''[[Operations Division (Royal Navy)|Director of Operations Division]]'''<br>8 Jan, 1912{{UKNavalStaff|p. 121}} &ndash; 1 May, 1914<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Arthur Cavenagh Leveson|Arthur C. Leveson]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''New Appointment'''|'''[[Operations Division (Royal Navy)|Director of Operations Division]]'''<br>8 Jan, 1912{{UKNavalStaff|p. 121}} &ndash; 1 May, 1914<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Arthur Cavenagh Leveson|Arthur C. Leveson]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[John Michael de Robeck, First Baronet|John M. de Robeck]]'''|'''[[Admiral of Patrols|Admiral of Patrols]]'''<br>1 May, 1914<ref>"Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices).  ''The Times''.  Friday, 1 May, 1914.  Issue '''40512''', col B, p. 6.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''?'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[John Michael de Robeck, First Baronet|John M. de Robeck]]'''|'''[[Admiral of Patrols|Admiral of Patrols]]'''<br>1 May, 1914{{NMI|Friday, 1 May, 1914.  Issue '''40512''', col B, p. 6}} &ndash; 6 Nov, 1915|Succeeded by<br>'''[[George Alexander Ballard|George A. Ballard]] as [[East Coast of England Station|Rear-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''?'''|'''[[East Coast of England Station|Rear-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England]]'''<br>6 Nov, 1915{{UKCeased|f. 29a}} &ndash; 1 May, 1916<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Stuart Nicholson|Stuart Nicholson]]'''<br><small>as '''Vice-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England'''</small>}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[George Alexander Ballard|George A. Ballard]] as [[Admiral of Patrols]]'''|'''[[East Coast of England Station|Rear-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England]]'''<br>6 Nov, 1915{{UKCeased|f. 29a}} &ndash; 1 May, 1916<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Stuart Nicholson|Stuart Nicholson]]'''<br><small>as '''Vice-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England'''</small>}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Arthur Henry Limpus|Sir Arthur H. Limpus]]'''|'''[[Malta Dockyard|Admiral Superintendent, Malta Dockyard]]'''<br>24 Sep, 1916<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42}}.  f. 65.</ref> &ndash; 25 Oct, 1918<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Brian Herbert Fairbairn Barttelot|Brian H. F. Barttelot]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Arthur Henry Limpus|Sir Arthur H. Limpus]]'''|'''[[Malta Dockyard|Admiral Superintendent, Malta Dockyard]]'''<br>24 Sep, 1916<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42}}.  f. 65.</ref> &ndash; 25 Oct, 1918<ref>Ballard Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 65.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Brian Herbert Fairbairn Barttelot|Brian H. F. Barttelot]]'''}}
{{TabEnd}}
{{TabEnd}}
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{{CatTorpedoOfficer|UK}}
{{CatTorpedoOfficer|UK}}
[[Category:Prize Essay Gold Medallists of the Royal United Services Institution]]
[[Category:Prize Essay Gold Medallists of the Royal United Services Institution]]
{{CatAdmiral|UK}}
{{CatAdm|UK}}
[[Category:Companions of the Civil Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Companions of the Civil Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath]]
{{CatRN}}

Latest revision as of 14:51, 4 April 2025

Admiral George A. Ballard, seen as a Commodore, Second Class.
Photograph: © National Portrait Gallery, London.

Admiral George Alexander Ballard, C.B., Retired (7 March, 1862 – 15 September, 1948) was an officer of the Royal Navy during the First World War and a historian.

Early Life & Career

George Alexander Ballard was born on 7 March, 1862, at Malabar Hill, Bombay, the eldest child of Captain (later Lieutenant-General) John Archibald Ballard, C.B., of the Royal (Bombay) Engineers. Ballard was educated at Burney's Royal Academy, Gosport, and obtained a nomination for the Royal Navy from Captain (later Admiral Sir) Charles Fellowes. He went up to London for the examination at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich with ten others from Burney's, six of whom passed, one of whom was Christopher Cradock. He entered the training ship Britannia on 15 January, 1875, and left on 21 December, 1876. He later recalled:

Two years spent thus represented at that period the first stage of a naval officer's career. Many months before it came to an end most of us were longing to finish it and get away to a seagoing life with all its anticipated excitements, although in point of fact very few had any but the vaguest idea of what sort of a life it would prove to be. But I think nevertheless that to the majority in after years, the period spent at Dartmouth in the old Britannia remained on the whole a pleasant memory. It certainly is to me.[1]

Ballard spent half a year in the ironclad H.M.S. Resistance before being sent to join H.M.S. Achilles in the Channel Squadron in May of 1877. He remained in Achilles until being sent to Tourmaline for nearly two years.

He took a second class in seamanship on 22 June, 1881, and was promoted Acting Sub-Lieutenant from the same date. He had to wait over a year before he could begin his studies for the other examinations for the rank of Lieutenant. He took a third class in the college examination in March, 1883, a first in torpedo in May and a first in gunnery in August. Ballard served in the gunboat Espoir and in Hecla before being promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 15 March, 1884, "for services in connection with operations in Soudan".[2] He applied to specialise as a torpedo lieutenant, which request was noted, but he was never selected.

In August, 1891, he was appointed First Lieutenant of the Linnet on the China Station. He remained in her until paying off at the end of March, 1895. The Commander-in-Chief, Vice-Admiral The Honourable Sir Edmund R. Fremantle reported in April, "A very deserving officer whom I should be glad to see promoted as soon as possible."

He was appointed to the Colossus for command of the Renard on 27 May, 1896.

On 31 December, 1897 he was promoted to the rank of Commander.[3] After a few months on half pay he was appointed to the destroyer Isis on 10 May, 1898, and remained in the ship until paid off on 18 January, 1902. On 17 February he was appointed to President for service in the Naval Intelligence Department.

Captain

Ballard was promoted to the rank of Captain on 31 December, 1903.[4] From 1 January, 1904, he became an Assistant Director of Naval Intelligence and Head of the War Division.[5] He left the department on 15 January, 1906, for command of the armoured cruiser Euryalus. In March he took the war course, and was placed in the first class. On 15 May he was appointed in command of the first class protected cruiser Royal Arthur in reserve, and on 3 July he was appointed in command of the first class protected cruiser Terrible. On 22 July, the Terrible left Portsmouth for China[6] with a relief crew for the Astræa.[7] He recorded that on 27 December that he had been appointed "to preside over a Secret Committee at Admiralty, but retaining command of Terrible."[8] On 3 January, 1907, he met with the First Sea Lord, Sir John A. Fisher:

At an interview with Sir J. Fisher was informed my name had been sent in as an alternative to Capt Ottley's for the position of Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence in succession to Sir George Clarke in case Ottley was not approved. Also that if Ottley was appointed I might succeed him as Director of Naval Intelligence if I chose. Decided to accept the first if I got the chance, but refuse the second in order to get in my sea time.[9]

He took command of the armoured cruiser Hampshire on 20 August, 1907. Upon giving up command of the Channel Fleet in March, 1909, the Commander-in-Chief, Lord Charles Beresford, wrote of Ballard, "No defect, very zealous, sound physically. Recommended for advancement. A very clever officer, hard working, and knows the Service. Will make a good Admiral." In November Rear-Admiral Paul W. Bush opined, with Vice-Admiral George Neville's concurrence, that Ballard was "a very zealous Captain & handles his ship well."[10] On 31 December, 1909, he was appointed in command of the battleship Commonwealth.[11] In May, 1910, a Court of Enquiry was held following the abandonment of Commonwealth's steam trial. Their Lordships expressed Their "severe displeasure on account of the want of knowledge shewn in the preparation of the ship for sea under the weather conditions which prevailed at the time."[12] On 9 December he was given command of Commonwealth's sister-ship, Britannia.[13]

Charles Ottley, now Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence, wrote to Winston Churchill of Ballard in October, 1911, "I am in great hopes he may e'er long return to an important post at the Admiralty,"[14] and advocated he be associated with any committee on staff reform, writing, "He would approach the matter from the standpoint of one who knew the old system."[15]

Ottley also informed Churchill that Ballard wrote for The Contemporary Review magazine under the pseudonym "Master Mariner,"[16] therefore contravening Article 12 of the King's Regulations and Admiralty Instructions on communicating with the press on Service matters.[17] Ottley also forwarded a number of Ballard's somewhat subversive memoranda to Churchill, in the knowledge that, "You will I know safeguard his anonymity."[18]

Churchill offered Ballard the post of Director of Naval Intelligence and on 22 November he accepted.[19] He was appointed to President, additional, for special service at the Admiralty on 1 December. On leaving Britannia Vice-Admiral Callaghan described him as "A V.G. Captain of a ship. Has intellectual qualities above the average & v.g. judgement."[20] On 8 January, 1912, he was appointed Director of the Operations Division on the newly-formed Admiralty War Staff.[21]

On 10 May, 1913, he was appointed a Naval Aide-de-Camp to King George V, vice Hutchison.[22] On the occasion of the King's birthday he was appointed an Ordinary Member of the Third Class, or Companion, in the Civil Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (C.B.) on 3 June.[23]

Ballard assumed the duties of Admiral of Patrols on 1 May, 1914, with the rank of Commodore, First Class.[24]

Great War

On 27 August, 1914, Ballard was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral, vice Carden.[25] A perspective on Ballard as Admiral of Patrols is offered by Admiral of the Fleet Sir Henry F. Oliver, who became Chief of the Admiralty War Staff at the end of 1914:

We had a useless R.A. on the East Coast of England and I could not get him shifted. When the Germans bombarded Scarborough and Hartlepool [on 15-16 December, 1914] we knew from Room 40 the afternoon before that something was intended but not enough to know what. He had definite orders to send out 2 submarines from Hartlepool to be at gun range, according to visibility, off the harbour at dawn. He failed to send them out the night before and they did not start out till after the bombardment began[,] one was crossing the bar while the shells were falling. We lost a fine chance of laming a battle cruiser and perhaps bringing on an engagement if her consorts delayed retiring to help her. I could not get him shifted for that so I took bits of his command away at the north and south ends till there was none left.[26]

On 6 November, 1915, Ballard became Rear-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England.[27] N. A. M. Rodger has opined that, "His reputation may have suffered from the German raids of 1914 and 1916; certainly there was no vacancy in the naval war staff under Sir Henry Jackson for so clever and independent an officer."[28] Quite apart from the slur that this completely unsourced statement casts on Sir Henry Jackson (a pioneer of radio and former head of the Royal Naval War College), it also denigrates the men already on the Admiralty War Staff.

On 1 May, 1916, Ballard was succeeded as Rear-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England. He then went on half pay until he was appointed Senior Officer in Charge at Malta and Admiral Superintendent of Malta Dockyard on 24 September,[29] and assumed command on 28 September.[30]

In May, 1917, he was criticised by the Board of Admiralty following the torpedoing of S.S. Ivernia on 1 January, for allowing it to proceed through the Cerigotto Channel by day contrary to instructions. On 17 September he was informed that orders appeared to have been given in a "haphazard" manner in regards to an operation where special service vessel Zeus was lost.[31] He relinquished duty as Admiral Superintendent at Malta on 16 November, 1918.[32]

Post-War

He was promoted to the rank of Vice-Admiral on 11 February, 1919, vice Boyle.[33] He was placed on the Retired List on 15 June, 1921 at his own request "in order to facilitate the promotion of younger officers."[34] On 3 March, 1924 he was advanced to the rank of Admiral on the Retired List.[35] From 1920 onwards he became a prolific contributor of articles to The Mariner's Mirror journal.

He died suddenly on 15 September, 1948, aged eighty-six, at his home, Hill House, Downton, near Salisbury, Wiltshire, from myocardial degeneration, arterio sclerosis and carcinoma of the prostate.[36][37]

See Also

Bibliography

Published Works

Books

  1. The Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan. London: John Murray. 1921.
  2. America and the Atlantic. London: Duckworth & Co. 1923.
  3. Rulers of the Indian Ocean. London: Duckworth & Co. 1927.

Articles

  1. "Gold Medal Prize Essay". The Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLII:242. 365-405. 1898.
  2. "Gold Medal Prize Essay". The Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLIV:266. 360-394. 1900.
  3. "A Study of the Late M. Jean de Bloch's Theories as Applied to the Question of Sea Power". The Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLIV:294. 1047-1053. 1902.
  4. "Invasion Considered from the Nautical Standpoint". The Contemporary Review. XCV. 136-144. 1909. (As "Master Mariner").
  5. "Fallacies of the Doctrine of Compulsory Service". The Contemporary Review. XCVI. 295-303. 1909. (As "Master Mariner").
  6. "Invasion Considered from the Nautical Standpoint: (A Reply to Military Criticism in the 'Times'". The Contemporary Review. XCIX. 274-285. 1911. (As "Master Mariner").
  7. "The Invasion of Tripoli: A Re-assuring Lesson for Great Britain". The Contemporary Review. CI. 49-55. 1912. (As "Master Mariner").
  8. "The Men of War of 1725 A.D. I.—Their Sails and Spars". The Mariner's Mirror. 1:8. 205-211. 1911.
  9. "The Men of War of 1725 A.D. II.—Their Rigging". The Mariner's Mirror. 1:9. 229-235. 1911.
  10. "The Development of Malta as a First-Class Naval Base Since its Inclusion in the British Empire". The Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. LXV:457. 127-140. 1920.
  11. "The Sculptures of Deir-El-Bahari". The Mariner's Mirror. 6:5. 149-155. 1920.
  12. "The Sculptures of Deir-El-Bahari". The Mariner's Mirror. 6:6. 162-174. 1920.
  13. "The Sculptures of Deir-El-Bahari". The Mariner's Mirror. 6:7. 212-217. 1920.
  14. "The Transporting of the Obelisks at Karnak". The Mariner's Mirror. 6:9. 264-273. 1920.
  15. "The Transporting of the Obelisks at Karnak". The Mariner's Mirror. 6:10. 307-314. 1920.
  16. "Notes: Early Navigation". The Mariner's Mirror. 9:2. 59. 1923.
  17. "Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson, Bart., V.C., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., D.C.L." The Naval Review. XII:1. 40-46. 1924.
  18. "The Navigators of the Indian Ocean Prior to the Era of European Domination". The Mariner's Mirror. 10:2. 108-123. 1924.
  19. "The Arrival of the White Man in the Eastern Seas". The Mariner's Mirror. 10:3. 267-288. 1924.
  20. "The First Plan of European Dominion in the Indian Ocean". The Mariner's Mirror. 10:4. 335-354. 1924.
  21. "The War of the Arabian Sea". The Mariner's Mirror. 11:1. 29-49. 1925.
  22. "Albuquerque's Operations on the Western Seaboard of India". The Mariner's Mirror. 11:2. 116-134. 1925.
  23. "The Maritime Expeditions of Albuquerque after the Capture of Goa". The Mariner's Mirror. 11:3. 251-275. 1925.
  24. "The Century of Portuguese Supremacy in the Indian Ocean". The Mariner's Mirror. 11:4. 370-391. 1925.
  25. "The Arrival of the Dutch and British in the Indian Ocean". The Mariner's Mirror. 12:1. 69-94. 1926.
  26. "The Downfall of Portugal in the East". The Mariner's Mirror. 12:2. 169-195. 1926.
  27. "Notes: Queen Hatshepsut's Great Lighter". The Mariner's Mirror. 12:2. 221-222. 1926.
  28. "The Effect of the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century on Indian Ocean Developments". The Mariner's Mirror. 12:3. 264-288. 1926.
  29. "The General Situation in the Indian Ocean During the Early Georgian Period". The Mariner's Mirror. 12:4. 375-395. 1926.
  30. "The First and Second Anglo-French Conflicts in the Indian Ocean". The Mariner's Mirror. 13:1. 14-37. 1927.
  31. "The Last Battlefleet Struggle in the Bay of Bengal". The Mariner's Mirror. 13:2. 125-144. 1927.
  32. "Hughes and Suffren". The Mariner's Mirror. 13:4. 348-356. 1927.
  33. "Early European Rivalry in the Indian Ocean". The Mariner's Mirror. 14:2. 113-114. 1928.
  34. "The Black Battlefleet: Some Notes on the Mid-Victorian Transformation in Battleship Design". The Mariner's Mirror. 15:2. 101-124. 1929.
  35. "Notes: Steering Wheels". The Mariner's Mirror. 15:3. 314. 1929.
  36. "British Battleships of 1870: The Minotaur and Agincourt". The Mariner's Mirror. 15:4. 391-407. 1929.
  37. "British Battleships of 1870: The Northumberland and Achilles". The Mariner's Mirror. 16:1. 48-67. 1930.
  38. "British Battleships of 1870: The Warrior and Black Prince". The Mariner's Mirror. 16:2. 168-186. 1930.
  39. "British Battleships of 1870: The Bellerophon and Hercules". The Mariner's Mirror. 16:3. 212-238. 1930.
  40. "British Battleships of 1870: The Lord Clyde and Lord Warden". The Mariner's Mirror. 17:1. 53-74. 1931.
  41. "Notes: The Third Dutch War in the East". The Mariner's Mirror. 17:1. 81-82. 1931.
  42. "Notes: British Battleships of 1870". The Mariner's Mirror. 17:1. 82-83. 1931.
  43. "British Battleships of 1870: The Monarch". The Mariner's Mirror. 17:2. 113-134. 1931.
  44. "British Battleships of 1870: The Captain". The Mariner's Mirror. 17:3. 244-269. 1931.
  45. "Notes: The Mainmast of the Henry Grace à Dieu". The Mariner's Mirror. 17:4. 397. 1931.
  46. "British Battleships of 1870: The Prince Consort, Caledonia and Ocean". The Mariner's Mirror. 18:1. 5-31. 1932.
  47. "British Battleships of 1870: The Royal Oak and Royal Alfred". The Mariner's Mirror. 18:3. 267-286. 1932.
  48. "British Battleships of 1870: The Zealous and Repulse". The Mariner's Mirror. 19:1. 5-21. 1933.
  49. "British Battleships of 1870: The Hector and Valiant". The Mariner's Mirror. 19:2. 172-181. 1933.
  50. "British Battleships of 1870: The Resistance and Defence". The Mariner's Mirror. 19:3. 259-272. 1933.
  51. "Some Observations on Professor Baxter's book on the Introduction of the Ironclad Warship". The Mariner's Mirror. 19:4. 404-416. 1933.
  52. "British Battleships of 1870: The Audacious". The Mariner's Mirror. 20:1. 5-23. 1934.
  53. "British Battleships of 1870: The Invincible, Vanguard and Iron Duke". The Mariner's Mirror. 20:3. 261-279. 1934.
  54. "The Three British Armoured Corvettes". The Mariner's Mirror. 21:1. 12-30. 1935.
  55. "The Unarmoured Branches of the British Navy of 1875". The Mariner's Mirror. 21:3. 245-274. 1935.
  56. "Notes: Commodore Dance's Action off Pulo Auro". The Mariner's Mirror. 21:3. 323-324. 1935.
  57. "British Frigates of 1875: The Inconstant and Raleigh". The Mariner's Mirror. 22:1. 42-53. 1936.
  58. "Notes: Commodore Dance's Action with Linois". The Mariner's Mirror. 22:1. 108. 1936.
  59. "British Frigates of 1875: The Shah". The Mariner's Mirror. 22:3. 305-315. 1936.
  60. "British Corvettes of 1875: The Bacchante Class". The Mariner's Mirror. 22:4. 398-409. 1936.
  61. "British Corvettes of 1875: The Volage, Active and Rover". The Mariner's Mirror. 23:1. 53-67. 1937.
  62. "Notes: Egyptian Shipping of about 1500 B.C." The Mariner's Mirror. 23:1. 103-105. 1937.
  63. "British Corvettes of 1875: The Six Composite Sisters". The Mariner's Mirror. 23:2. 176-189. 1937.
  64. "Cavalry at Sea". The Naval Review. XXV:3. 516-521. 1937.
  65. "Round Shot". The Naval Review. XXV:4. 703-716. 1937.
  66. "British Corvettes of 1875: The Last Wooden Class". The Mariner's Mirror. 23:4. 435-445. 1937.
  67. "British Corvettes of 1875: The Larger Wooden Ram-Bowed Type". The Mariner's Mirror. 24:1. 81-94. 1938.
  68. "British Corvettes of 1875: The Smaller Wooden-Bowed Type". The Mariner's Mirror. 24:2. 160-175. 1938.
  69. "British Sloops of 1875: The Wooden Ram-Bowed Type". The Mariner's Mirror. 24:3. 302-317. 1938.
  70. "H.M.S. Alexandra". The Naval Review. XXVI:3. 385-416. 1938.
  71. "Naval Machine Guns and Sudanese Spearmen in 1884". The Naval Review. XXVI:4. 617-630. 1938.
  72. "British Sloops of 1875: The Larger Composite Type". The Mariner's Mirror. 25:1. 35-49. 1939.
  73. "British Sloops of 1875: The Smaller Composite Type". The Mariner's Mirror. 25:2. 151-161. 1939.
  74. "British Gunvessels of 1875: The Larger Twin-Screw Type". The Mariner's Mirror. 26:1. 15-32. 1940.
  75. "Notes: Dhows". The Mariner's Mirror. 26:3. 303-304. 1940.
  76. "British Gunvessels of 1875: The Larger Single-Screw Type". The Mariner's Mirror. 26:4. 375-387. 1940.
  77. "British Gunvessels of 1875: The Smaller Twin-Screw Type". The Mariner's Mirror. 27:2. 132-146. 1941.
  78. "The Great Obelisk Lighter of 1550 B.C." The Mariner's Mirror. 27:4. 290-306. 1941.
  79. "Notes: Victorian Corvettes". The Mariner's Mirror. 28:2. 162-163. 1942.
  80. "British Gunvessels of 1875: The Smaller Single-Screw Type". The Mariner's Mirror. 28:4. 308-313. 1942.
  81. "The Great Brig: H.M.S. Temeraire, 1875". The Mariner's Mirror. 29:3. 149-162. 1943.
  82. "Notes: The Composition of a Ship's Company in 1811". The Mariner's Mirror. 30:1. 53-54. 1944.
  83. "British Gunboats of 1875". The Mariner's Mirror. 30:2. 65-73. 1944.
  84. "Notes: A Notable Exhibition of Seamanship". The Mariner's Mirror. 30:4. 220. 1944.
  85. "Victorian Hulks under the White Ensign". The Mariner's Mirror. 31:1. 23-32. 1945.
  86. "Cape Horn". The Mariner's Mirror. 31:3. 144-147. 1945.
  87. "Notes: Tacking a Square-Rigged Vessel". The Mariner's Mirror. 31:3. 171-172. 1945.
  88. "Notes: War Rockets in the British Mid-Victorian Fleet". The Mariner's Mirror. 31:3. 173-174. 1945.
  89. "Notes: Cunningham's Topsails". The Mariner's Mirror. 31:4. 236. 1945.
  90. "The First Mastless Capital Ship: H.M.S. Devastation". The Mariner's Mirror. 32:1. 2-20. 1946.
  91. "The Last British Central Battery Ship: H.M.S. Alexandra". The Mariner's Mirror. 32:3. 130-147. 1946.
  92. "British Central-Battery Ships: H.M. Ships Sultan and Superb". The Mariner's Mirror. 33:2. 66-93. 1947.
  93. "The Egyptian Obelisk Lighter". The Mariner's Mirror. 33:3. 158-164. 1947.
  94. "Ship Handling Under Sail: Notes on the general principles for handling a square ship rig as practised in the British Fleet during the last stages of its use". The Naval Review. XXXVI:4. 378-385. 1948.
  95. "British Central-Battery Ships: Swiftsure and Triumph". The Mariner's Mirror. 34:2. 98-111. 1948.
  96. "Notes: Spanish Windlass Versus Tourniquet". The Mariner's Mirror. 34:4. 304. 1948.
  97. "British Central-Battery Ships: Belleisle and Orion". The Mariner's Mirror. 35:1. 3-17. 1949.
  98. "The Fighting Ship from 1860 to 1890". The Mariner's Mirror. 38:1. 23-33. 1952.

Papers

Service Records

Naval Appointments
Preceded by
? 		Captain of H.M.S. Janus
12 Dec, 1895[38] – 27 May, 1896 		Succeeded by
John C. Soady
Preceded by
Henry E. Kellett 		Captain of H.M.S. Renard
27 May, 1896[39] 		Succeeded by
Frank H. Peyton
Preceded by
Herbert L. Heath 		Head of War Division
1 Jan, 1904[40][41] – 15 Jan, 1906[42][43] 		Succeeded by
Harry Jones
Preceded by
Charles L. Napier 		Captain of H.M.S. Euryalus
15 Jan, 1906[44] 		Succeeded by
A. Gordon H. W. Moore
Preceded by
A. Gordon H. W. Moore 		Captain of H.M.S. Royal Arthur
15 May, 1906[45] – 3 Jul, 1906[46] 		Succeeded by
Norman C. Palmer
Preceded by
Henry H. Campbell 		Captain of H.M.S. Terrible
3 Jul, 1906[47] – 20 Aug, 1907[48] 		Succeeded by
Richard M. Harbord
Preceded by
Sir Robert K. Arbuthnot, Bart. 		Captain of H.M.S. Hampshire
20 Aug, 1907[49][50] – 31 Dec, 1909[51] 		Succeeded by
The Hon. Stanhope Hawke
Preceded by
The Hon. Horace L. A. Hood 		Captain of H.M.S. Commonwealth
31 Dec, 1909[52] – Dec, 1910[53] 		Succeeded by
Oswald W. Ormsby
Preceded by
Montague E. Browning 		Captain of H.M.S. Britannia
9 Dec, 1910[54][55] – 1 Dec, 1911[56] 		Succeeded by
Charles F. Thorp
Preceded by
New Appointment 		Director of Operations Division
8 Jan, 1912[57] – 1 May, 1914[58] 		Succeeded by
Arthur C. Leveson
Preceded by
John M. de Robeck 		Admiral of Patrols
1 May, 1914[59] – 6 Nov, 1915 		Succeeded by
George A. Ballard as Rear-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England
Preceded by
George A. Ballard as Admiral of Patrols 		Rear-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England
6 Nov, 1915[60] – 1 May, 1916[61] 		Succeeded by
Stuart Nicholson
as Vice-Admiral Commanding, East Coast of England
Preceded by
Sir Arthur H. Limpus 		Admiral Superintendent, Malta Dockyard
24 Sep, 1916[62] – 25 Oct, 1918[63] 		Succeeded by
Brian H. F. Barttelot

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "Admiral Ballard's Memoirs: Part One." p. 350.
  2. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 25329. p. 1304. 18 March, 1884.
  3. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26924. p. 7854. 31 December, 1897.
  4. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27632. p. 25. 1 January, 1904.
  5. ↑ "Distribution of Work.—March 1905". p. 2. The National Archives. ADM 231/45.
  6. ↑ "Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). The Times. Monday, 23 July, 1906. Issue 38079, col B, p. 6.
  7. ↑ "Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). The Times. Saturday, 7 July, 1906. Issue 38066, col C, p. 8.
  8. ↑ Entry for 14 December, 1906. "G A Ballard. Record of business letters &c." Ballard Papers. National Maritime Museum. MSS/80/200. Box 1.
  9. ↑ Entry for 3 January, 1907. "G A Ballard. Record of business letters &c." Ballard Papers. National Maritime Museum. MSS/80/200. Box 1.
  10. ↑ The National Archives. ADM 196/88. f. 29.
  11. ↑ The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  12. ↑ The National Archives. ADM 196/88. f. 29.
  13. ↑ The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  14. ↑ Letter of 17 October, 1911. The National Archives. CAB 1/31. f. 28.
  15. ↑ Letter of 22 October, 1911. The National Archives. CAB 1/31. f. 103.
  16. ↑ Letter of 17 October, 1911. The National Archives. CAB 1/31. f. 28.
  17. ↑ The King's Regulations and Admiralty Instructions for the Government of His Majesty's Naval Service (1906). p. 3.
  18. ↑ Letter of 3 November, 1911. The National Archives. CAB 1/31. f. 183.
  19. ↑ Ballard to Churchill. Letter of 22 November, 1911. Churchill Papers. Churchill Archives Centre. CHAR 13/1/30.
  20. ↑ The National Archives. ADM 196/88. f. 29.
  21. ↑ The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  22. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28718. p. 3438. 13 May, 1913.
  23. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 28724. p. 3903. 3 June, 1913.
  24. ↑ "Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). The Times. Friday, 1 May, 1914. Issue 40512, col B, p. 6.
  25. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28881. p. 6794. 28 August, 1914.
  26. ↑ Oliver. II. ff. 117-118.
  27. ↑ Squadrons and Senior Naval Officers in Existence on 11th November, 1918. f. 29a.
  28. ↑ Rodger. "Ballard, George Alexander (1862–1948)."
  29. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. Volume 4. f. 65.
  30. ↑ Supplement to the Monthly Navy List. (June, 1918). p. 8.
  31. ↑ ADM 196/88. f. 29.
  32. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. Volume 4. f. 65.
  33. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 31201. p. 2738. 25 February, 1919.
  34. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 32384. p. 5486. 8 July, 1921.
  35. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 32919. p. 2323. 18 March, 1924.
  36. ↑ "Deaths" (Deaths). The Times. Saturday, 18 September, 1948. Issue 51180, col A, p. 1.
  37. ↑ The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  38. ↑ The Navy List. (March, 1896). p. 235.
  39. ↑ "Naval & Military Intelligence." The Times (London, England), Wednesday, May 20, 1896; pg. 10; Issue 34895.
  40. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  41. ↑ Naval Intelligence Department. Distribution of Work.—March 1905. The National Archives. ADM 231/45. p. 2.
  42. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  43. ↑ Naval Intelligence Department. Distribution of Work.—March 1905. The National Archives. ADM 231/45. p. 2.
  44. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  45. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  46. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  47. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  48. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  49. ↑ The Navy List. (January, 1910). p. 323.
  50. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  51. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  52. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  53. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  54. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  55. ↑ The Navy List. (April, 1911). p. 287.
  56. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  57. ↑ The Naval Staff of the Admiralty. p. 121.
  58. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  59. ↑ "Naval & Military Intelligence." The Times (London, England), Friday, 1 May, 1914. Issue 40512, col B, p. 6.
  60. ↑ Squadrons and Senior Naval Officers in Existence on 11th November, 1918. f. 29a.
  61. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  62. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.
  63. ↑ Ballard Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 65.

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