Difference between revisions of "John Michael de Robeck, First Baronet"

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{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''New Command'''|'''[[Ninth Cruiser Squadron (Royal Navy)|Rear-Admiral Commanding, Cruiser Force I]]'''<br>1 Aug, 1914{{SMNLSep14|p. 5}} &ndash; 7 Feb, 1915<ref>de Robeck Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 128.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Archibald Gordon Henry Wilson Moore|Sir A. Gordon H. W. Moore]]'''<br><small>as '''Rear-Admiral Commanding, Ninth Cruiser Squadron'''</small>}}
 
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''New Command'''|'''[[Ninth Cruiser Squadron (Royal Navy)|Rear-Admiral Commanding, Cruiser Force I]]'''<br>1 Aug, 1914{{SMNLSep14|p. 5}} &ndash; 7 Feb, 1915<ref>de Robeck Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 128.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Archibald Gordon Henry Wilson Moore|Sir A. Gordon H. W. Moore]]'''<br><small>as '''Rear-Admiral Commanding, Ninth Cruiser Squadron'''</small>}}
 
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Sackville Hamilton Carden|Sackville H. Carden]]'''|'''[[Eastern Mediterranean Squadron (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral Commanding, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron]]'''<br>17 Mar, 1915{{UKCeased|f. 32}} &ndash; 19 Jun, 1916<ref>de Robeck Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 128.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Cecil Fiennes Thursby|Sir Cecil F. Thursby]]'''}}
 
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Sackville Hamilton Carden|Sackville H. Carden]]'''|'''[[Eastern Mediterranean Squadron (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral Commanding, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron]]'''<br>17 Mar, 1915{{UKCeased|f. 32}} &ndash; 19 Jun, 1916<ref>de Robeck Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 128.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Cecil Fiennes Thursby|Sir Cecil F. Thursby]]'''}}
−
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Edward Eden Bradford|Sir Edward E. Bradford]]'''|'''[[Third Battle Squadron (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral Commanding, Third Battle Squadron]]'''<br>19 Jul, 1916{{UKCeased|p. 4}} &ndash; 1 Dec, 1916|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Herbert Leopold Heath|Sir Herbert L. Heath]]'''}}
+
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Edward Eden Bradford|Sir Edward E. Bradford]]'''|'''[[Third Battle Squadron (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral Commanding, Third Battle Squadron]]'''<br>19 Jul, 1916{{UKCeased|p. 4}} &ndash; 1 Dec, 1916<ref>De Robeck Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42/123.|}} f. 285.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Herbert Leopold Heath|Sir Herbert L. Heath]]'''}}
 
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Thomas Henry Martyn Jerram|Sir T. H. Martyn Jerram]]'''|'''[[Second Battle Squadron (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral Commanding, Second Battle Squadron]]'''<br>3 Dec, 1916{{UKCeased|f. 3}} &ndash; 22 Mar, 1919<ref>de Robeck Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 128.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Henry Francis Oliver|Sir Henry F. Oliver]]'''}}
 
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Thomas Henry Martyn Jerram|Sir T. H. Martyn Jerram]]'''|'''[[Second Battle Squadron (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral Commanding, Second Battle Squadron]]'''<br>3 Dec, 1916{{UKCeased|f. 3}} &ndash; 22 Mar, 1919<ref>de Robeck Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 128.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Henry Francis Oliver|Sir Henry F. Oliver]]'''}}
 
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe|The Hon. Sir Somerset A. Gough-Calthorpe]]'''|'''[[Mediterranean Station|Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Station]]'''<br>26 Jul, 1919{{UKCeased|p. 32}} &ndash; 15 May, 1922<ref>de Robeck Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 285.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Osmond de Beauvoir Brock|Sir Osmond de B. Brock]]'''}}
 
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe|The Hon. Sir Somerset A. Gough-Calthorpe]]'''|'''[[Mediterranean Station|Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Station]]'''<br>26 Jul, 1919{{UKCeased|p. 32}} &ndash; 15 May, 1922<ref>de Robeck Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 285.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Osmond de Beauvoir Brock|Sir Osmond de B. Brock]]'''}}

Revision as of 11:01, 6 May 2024

Admiral of the Fleet Sir John M. de Robeck, Bart., 1923.
© National Portrait Gallery, London.

Admiral SIR John Michael de Robeck, First Baronet, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., R.N. (10 June, 1862 – 20 January, 1928) was an officer of the Royal Navy during the First World War. He is perhaps most notable for his command of the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron during the abortive attempts to force the Dardanelles in 1915. He later commanded a battle squadron in the Grand Fleet, and after the war ended held the commands of the Mediterranean and Atlantic Fleets.

Early Life & Career

John Michael de Robeck was born at Gowran Grange, Naas, Ireland, on 10 June, 1862, one of three surviving sons of the fourth Baron de Robeck. He entered the Royal Navy as a Naval Cadet on 15 July, 1875, by joining the training ship Britannia at Dartmouth. He left the ship after the usual two years, or four terms, with no time allowed for conduct or study towards promotion to Midshipman, suggesting his academic performance and behaviour had been poor. This is supported by a note in his papers signed by the establishment's captain, Captain William Graham, entitled "Offences of Mr De Robeck to Xmas 1875." In five months he had already been given four days No. 7 punishment by the Commander, i.e. "Extra drill one hour, leave stopped, go ashore one hour with Drill Sergeant, No. 4." No. 4 was "Stand on middle deck for one hour after prayers (evening)." For 15 offences he was given No. 3 punishment, "Extra drill for one hour" fifteen times. He was also reported 15 times "for want of attention in Study"![1]

He was appointed to his first ship, the armoured cruiser Shannon, Captain William B. Grant, on 27 July, 1877, on the Pacific Station. He was rated Midshipman on 28 July, 1878. In July, 1881, the Shannon paid off, and from 10 July to 22 July he was borne on the books of the Agincourt, flagship of the second-in-command of the Channel Squadron. After the usual three months' leave for such extended foreign service he was appointed to the ironclad battleship Minotaur in the Channel Squadron. On 10 January, 1882, he transferred to the ironclad battleship Northumberland in the same squadron.[2]

On 29 April, 1882, de Robeck was appointed to the boys' training ship St. Vincent at Plymouth for service in the masted brig Martin. From 10 July he was appointed to the Royal Adelaide, flagship at Devonport. On 27 July was examined in Seamanship by Captains William Grant of the Royal Adelaide and Francis M. Prattent of the Belleisle and Commander Alexander G. McKechnie of the Lion.[3] Captain Grant was of course known to him. He obtained a first class certficate with 950 marks out of 1,000. From the same date he was promoted to the rank of Acting Sub-Lieutenant. He was then borne on the books of Excellent while studying for the rank of Lieutenant. In March, 1883, he passed his so-called Navigation examination at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, with a third class and 869 marks. In May he passed in torpedo with a third class and 147 marks, and on 3 August he passed in gunnery with a second class and 570 marks.

On 14 August, 1883, de Robeck returned to sea and was appointed to the gunboat Espoir on the China Station. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 30 September, 1885.[4] From 27 July to 15 October, 1886, he was borne on the books of the receiving ship Victor Emanuel at Hong Kong, taking passage home to the United Kingdom in a mail steamer on 11 September. He was on full pay foreign service leave from 16 October to 26 November, and then went on half pay. On 5 January he returned to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, for study, before being appointed to the Boscawen, boys' training ship at Portland, for service in the brig Seaflower on 25 March. On 2 November he returned to the Agincourt, now flagship of the Channel Squadron. He returned to the Britannia from 4 September, 1888, to 29 December, 1890, except for the period 22 July to 21 August, 1890, when he served in Torpedo Boat 86 for the annual manœuvres.

On 27 January, 1891, he was appointed to the Imperieuse on the China Station, taking passage in the troopship Tamar until joining the ship on 29 March. He took watchkeeping duties in the Tamar on the way. On 27 January, 1893, he took passage back home in the Tamar, then took two months leave from 12 March to 9 May before going on half pay 10 May to 10 July: these 62 days on half pay were the longest period of unemployment in his career so far. He served in the Brilliant from 11 July to 24 August for the annual manœuvres, and on 25 August was again appointed to the Britannia, where he would remain for the next 20 months.

He was superseded in the Britannia on 19 April, 1895, at his own request. After a short period on half pay he was appointed to Excellent for a short course of gunnery on 4 May, which he passed in July with a first class and 548 marks. During the manœuvres of 1895 he served as First Lieutenant of the Indefatigable, before being appointed to Vernon for a short course in torpedo, which he passed in November with a first class and 316 marks. On 12 November he was appointed to the Cordelia on the North America and West Indies Station as First and Gunnery Lieutenant. In March 1896 Commodore The Honourable Maurice A. Bourke wrote to the effect that "I cannot speak too highly of the admirable tact & judgement he displayed on occasion of riots at Basseterre [Guadeloupe] in command of landing party". In May, 1897, the Commander-in-Chief, Vice-Admiral James E. Erskine, specially recommended de Robeck for promotion, and he was accordingly promoted to the rank of Commander on 22 June.[5]

Commander

After the usual period of half pay upon promotion he was appointed to Wildfire for command of the destroyer Haughty on 20 November, then over the next two years the destroyers Desperate, Angler and the Mermaid, as well as commanding the Medway Torpedo Flotilla. On giving up command in November, 1899, he was specifically recommended for early promotion by the Commander-in-Chief at the Nore, Sir Charles F. Hotham, an opinion concurred in by the late First Naval Lord, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Frederick W. Richards.

An appointment to the first class protected cruiser Powerful was cancelled in November. From 7 January to 3 April, 1900, he was on sick leave. At the same time he began to try and establish what his future in the Navy would be, corresponding and meeting with Captain Bourke, now Private Secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty, and Bourke's temporary replacement, Captain Prince Louis of Battenberg. According to de Robeck, Bourke informed him that the Admiralty wanted to recognise his services, to which he replied that the only way they could do that would be to promote him, "as I was already old for my standing & that I had no desire or wish to be promoted to Captain unless I was absolutely certain of becoming an Admiral on the Active List — otherwise I should prefer to have a quiet appointment to finish my time".[6] In April he was offered the command of the third class protected cruiser Pyramus in the Mediterranean, and from this "I could but infer that I was to receive early promotion". He was appointed to the Pyramus on 1 June. He was superseded in command in August, 1901, at his own request, on account of "private affairs", and went on half pay from 19 August. At this point he seriously considered resigning from the Navy according to a draft letter to the Admiralty in his papers. He considered that a "deep wrong" had been done to him in not granting him early promotion to the rank of Captain, that "I have received nothing more substantial than their Lordships thanks", and that less deserving officers had been promoted over his head. Whether he ever sent this letter is unknown.[6] Regardless, he was promoted to the rank of Captain on 1 January, 1902, at the age of 39.[7] The average age of officers promoted to Captain in 1901 had been 41 years and 1 month. In 1902 it would be 40 years and 7 months.[8]

Captain

After a few months on half pay on 16 July, 1902, de Robeck was appointed in command of the the Warrior, depot ship for torpedo boats and destroyers at Portsmouth. In May, 1903, the Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth, now Hotham, wrote "Excellent officer, thorough knowledge of Destroyer work. Great zeal & very good physique."

He was appointed Captain of the armoured cruiser Carnarvon in August 1906.

He was appointed in command of the battleship Dominion on 25 January, 1908.[9]

In early 1910 he received what he considered to be verbal assurances from Ernest C. T. Troubridge, Private Secretary to the First Lord, now Reginald McKenna, that he would be appointed as Commodore of the Royal Naval Barracks, Portsmouth. In the event the appointment went to Alexander L. Duff in October, which prompted yet another paper trail of pique at being "passed over". He immediately requested to be appointed to courses, telling Sir A. Berkley Milne, Bart., that it was "more to prevent him [McKenna] saying that I had no desire to serve".[10] In an attempt to mollify him, Troubridge offered to recommend him for "The next good appointment for a senior Captain", Inspecting Captain of Boys' Training Ships which would fall vacant on Herbert W. Savory's promotion to Rear-Admiral early the following year.[11] Eventually de Robeck agreed, and on 15 February, 1911, he took up the appointment, after taking gunnery, torpedo, and navigation courses at Portsmouth at the end of 1910.

Flag Rank

De Robeck was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral on 1 December, 1911, vice Savory.[12] On 21 December he was superseded in charge of the boys' training ships.

He struck his flag in the armoured cruiser Aboukir at Chatham on 26 July, 1914.[13]

Great War

He hoisted his flag in the first class protected cruiser Amphitrite of Cruiser Force I in August.

On 1 January, 1916, he was appointed an Additional Member of the Second Class, or Knight Commander, in the Military Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (K.C.B.).[14]

He was placed in command of the Second Battle Squadron on 3 December, 1916 and commanded this formation through 22 March, 1919.[15]

He was confirmed in the rank of Vice-Admiral on 17 May, 1917, vice Sturdee.[16]

He was chastised for sending a telegram protesting the appointment of his navigating Cdr. Schäfer to the convoy sloop Gaillardia in November 1917.[17]

Post-War & Retirement

On 24 March, 1920, he was promoted to the rank of Admiral, vice Grant.[18]

He was appointed an Ordinary Member of the First Class, or Knight Grand Cross, in the Military Division of the Order of the Bath (G.C.B.) on 1 January, 1921.[19]

He was advanced to the rank of Admiral of the Fleet on 24 November, 1925, vice Burney.[20] He died in London on 20 January, 1928 at his residence at 5 Southwick Crescent.[21]

There is a portrait-drawing of de Robeck by Francis Dodd in the Imperial War Museum, South Kensington.

Bibliography

  • "Sir John de Robeck" (Obituaries). The Times. Saturday, 21 January, 1928. Issue 44796, col B, p. 12.

Papers

Service Records


Naval Appointments
Preceded by
? 		Captain of H.M. T.B. 86
22 Jul, 1890[22] – 21 Aug, 1890[23] 		Succeeded by
John D. Allen
Preceded by
William F. De Salis 		Captain of H.M.S. Haughty
20 Nov, 1897[24] 		Succeeded by
Marcus R. Hill
Preceded by
New Command 		Captain of H.M.S. Angler
20 Nov, 1897[25] 		Succeeded by
Charles Tibbits
Preceded by
William F. De Salis 		Captain of H.M.S. Desperate
before 9 Mar, 1898[26] – 1898 		Succeeded by
Cuthbert G. Chapman
Preceded by
? 		Captain of H.M.S. Mermaid
? – 28 Nov, 1899[27] 		Succeeded by
Mark E. F. Kerr
Preceded by
? 		Captain of H.M.S. Pyramus
1 Jun, 1900[28][29] – 1901[30][31] 		Succeeded by
Alfred E. A. Grant
Preceded by
Edward S. Adeane 		Captain of H.M.S. Warrior
16 Jul, 1902[32] – 30 May, 1903[33] 		Succeeded by
?
Preceded by
Frederick F. Fegen 		Captain of H.M.S. Leander
21 Jan, 1904[34] – 1 Jun, 1904[35] 		Succeeded by
Seymour E. Erskine
Preceded by
Sir George J. S. Warrender, Bart. 		Captain of H.M.S. Carnarvon
1 Aug, 1906[36][37] – 25 Jan, 1908[38] 		Succeeded by
Robert J. Prendergast
Preceded by
Arthur T. Stuart 		Captain of H.M.S. Dominion
25 Jan, 1908[39][40] – 25 Jan, 1910[41] 		Succeeded by
Morgan Singer
Preceded by
Herbert W. Savory 		Inspecting Captain of Boys' Training Ships
15 Feb, 1911[42] – 21 Dec, 1911[43] 		Succeeded by
Edmund R. Pears
as Inspecting Captain of Boys' Training Establishments
Preceded by
New Appointment 		Admiral of Patrols
8 Apr, 1912[44] – 1 May, 1914[45] 		Succeeded by
George A. Ballard
Preceded by
? 		Rear-Admiral Commanding, Eighth Cruiser Squadron
26 Jul, 1914[46] 		Succeeded by
?
Preceded by
New Command 		Rear-Admiral Commanding, Cruiser Force I
1 Aug, 1914[47] – 7 Feb, 1915[48] 		Succeeded by
Sir A. Gordon H. W. Moore
as Rear-Admiral Commanding, Ninth Cruiser Squadron
Preceded by
Sackville H. Carden 		Vice-Admiral Commanding, Eastern Mediterranean Squadron
17 Mar, 1915[49] – 19 Jun, 1916[50] 		Succeeded by
Sir Cecil F. Thursby
Preceded by
Sir Edward E. Bradford 		Vice-Admiral Commanding, Third Battle Squadron
19 Jul, 1916[51] – 1 Dec, 1916[52] 		Succeeded by
Sir Herbert L. Heath
Preceded by
Sir T. H. Martyn Jerram 		Vice-Admiral Commanding, Second Battle Squadron
3 Dec, 1916[53] – 22 Mar, 1919[54] 		Succeeded by
Sir Henry F. Oliver
Preceded by
The Hon. Sir Somerset A. Gough-Calthorpe 		Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Station
26 Jul, 1919[55] – 15 May, 1922[56] 		Succeeded by
Sir Osmond de B. Brock
Preceded by
Sir Charles E. Madden 		Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet
15 Aug, 1922[57] – 15 Aug, 1924[58] 		Succeeded by
Sir Henry F. Oliver

Footnotes

  1. ↑ De Robeck papers, Churchill Archives Centre, DRBK 3/1.
  2. ↑ De Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42/123. ff. 127, 128.
  3. ↑ The National Archives. ADM 13/218. f. 89.
  4. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 25516. p. 4599. 2 October, 1885.
  5. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26865. p. 3443. 22 June, 1897.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 De Robeck papers, Churchill Archives Centre, DRBK 3/2.
  7. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27393. p. 3. 3 January, 1902.
  8. ↑ Report of the Conference on the Executive Lists of the Royal Navy. p. 21. The National Archives. ADM 1/8370/65.
  9. ↑ The Navy List. (October, 1908). p. 301.
  10. ↑ De Robeck to Milne, copy of letter of 13 September, 1910. De Robeck papers, Churchill Archives Centre, DRBK 3/28. De Robeck to Troubridge, copy of letter of 29 August, 1910. De Robeck papers, Churchill Archives Centre, DRBK 3/29. De Robeck to Troubridge, copy of letter of 13 September, 1910. De Robeck papers, Churchill Archives Centre, DRBK 3/29.
  11. ↑ Troubridge to de Robeck, letter of 6 September, 1910. De Robeck papers, Churchill Archives Centre, DRBK 3/29.
  12. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28562. p. 9446. 15 December, 1911.
  13. ↑ "Naval & Military Intelligence." The Times (London, England), Monday, 27 July, 1914. Issue 40586, col B, p. 4.
  14. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29423. p. 80. 31 December, 1915.
  15. ↑ De Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42/123. ff. 285.
  16. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 30084. p. 4942. 22 May, 1917.
  17. ↑ De Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42/123. f. 285.
  18. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 3186. p. 4474. 16 April, 1920.
  19. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 32178. p. 4. 1 January, 1921.
  20. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33110. p. 7950. 1 December, 1925.
  21. ↑ De Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42/123. ff. 285.
  22. ↑ "Naval Intelligence". The Times. Friday, 19 July, 1890. Issue 33068, col C, p. 12.
  23. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/20. f. 346.
  24. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  25. ↑ The Navy List. (October, 1898). p. 224.
  26. ↑ "Naval & Military Intelligence." The Times (London, England), 8 Oct. 1897, p. 9.
  27. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  28. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 64/128.
  29. ↑ The Navy List. (January, 1901). p. 296.
  30. ↑ The Navy List. (January, 1901). p. 296.
  31. ↑ Grant Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 31.
  32. ↑ De Robeck Service Record ADM 196/42.
  33. ↑ De Robeck Service Record ADM 196/42.
  34. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 64/128.
  35. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 64/128.
  36. ↑ The Navy List. (January, 1908). p. 291.
  37. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  38. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  39. ↑ The Navy List. (January, 1910). p. 301.
  40. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  41. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  42. ↑ "Naval Appointments" (Official Appointments and Notices). The Times. Tuesday, 11 January, 1911. Issue 39496, col B, p. 8.
  43. ↑ de Robeck service record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  44. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  45. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  46. ↑ "Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). The Times. Monday, 27 July, 1914. Issue 40586, col B, p. 4.
  47. ↑ Supplement to the Monthly Navy List. (September 1914). p. 5.
  48. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  49. ↑ Squadrons and Senior Naval Officers in Existence on 11th November, 1918. f. 32.
  50. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  51. ↑ Squadrons and Senior Naval Officers in Existence on 11th November, 1918. p. 4.
  52. ↑ De Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42/123. f. 285.
  53. ↑ Squadrons and Senior Naval Officers in Existence on 11th November, 1918. f. 3.
  54. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 128.
  55. ↑ Squadrons and Senior Naval Officers in Existence on 11th November, 1918. p. 32.
  56. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 285.
  57. ↑ "Flag Command Changes" (Official Appointments and Notices). The Times. Wednesday, 21 December, 1921. Issue 42909, col D, p. 14.
  58. ↑ de Robeck Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 285.

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